In this section
@article{Zhang:2027:10.1016/j.epsr.2026.114238,
author = {Zhang, Y and Wang, Y and Gu, Y and Geng, S and Zhu, Y and Li, Y and Chiang, HD and Green, TC},
doi = {10.1016/j.epsr.2026.114238},
journal = {Electric Power Systems Research},
title = {Large-signal synchronization stability of power systems with mixtures of GFL, GFM and GSP inverters},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.114238},
volume = {265},
year = {2027}
}
TY - JOUR
AB - Grid-following (GFL) inverters have very different large-signal synchronization stability characteristics to synchronous generators, and convenient concepts such as the equal-area criterion and global energy function do not apply in the same way. Existing studies mainly focus on the synchronization stability of an individual GFL inverter, while interactions between multiple inverters are less often addressed. This paper elucidates the synchronization interaction mechanisms between heterogeneous inverters, covering GFL, grid-forming (GFM), and grid-supporting (GSP) types, to determine the stability boundaries of systems with mixed inverter compositions. The generalized large-signal synchronization model for two-inverter systems is derived for various inverter combinations. This establishes that systems containing GFL inverters do not admit a global energy function, fundamentally limiting the applicability of traditional direct methods — a previously unrecognized barrier. To overcome this barrier, a manifold method is employed to accurately determine the region of attraction (ROA). To address the computational complexity of the manifold method, reduced-order models of inverter are used based on multiscale analysis. The large-signal stability margin is assessed by the shortest distance from a stable equilibrium point (SEP) to the boundary of the ROA, which is called the stability radius (SR). Using the proposed framework, the analysis results of two-inverter system show that both GFM and GSP inverters significantly enhance the large-signal synchronization stability where the other inverter is GFL, with GFM providing slightly superior performance. This improvement is attributed to the voltage support effects and is maximized when the GFM or GSP inverter is located at the midpoint of the transmission line, where the voltage is lowest. In addition, two instability modes are identified: convergence to a stable periodic orbit (SPO) and convergence to other periodic SE
AU - Zhang,Y
AU - Wang,Y
AU - Gu,Y
AU - Geng,S
AU - Zhu,Y
AU - Li,Y
AU - Chiang,HD
AU - Green,TC
DO - 10.1016/j.epsr.2026.114238
PY - 2027///
SN - 0378-7796
TI - Large-signal synchronization stability of power systems with mixtures of GFL, GFM and GSP inverters
T2 - Electric Power Systems Research
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.114238
VL - 265
ER -