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Conference paperWilgeroth JM, Nguyen T-TN, Proud WG, 2014, , 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 1
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Conference paperButler BJ, Bo C, Tucker AW, et al., 2014, , 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 3
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Conference paperVillette C, Modenese L, Phillips ATM, 2014,
Combined finite element and musculoskeletal predictive structural modelling of the femur: Potential mechanobiology applications
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Conference paperBo C, Williams A, Rankin S, et al., 2014, , 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 4
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Conference paperNguyen T-TN, Wilgeroth JM, Proud WG, 2014, , 18th Joint Int Conf of the APS Topical-Grp on Shock Compress of Condensed Matter / 24th Int Conf of the Int-Assoc-for-the-Advancement-of-High-Pressure-Sci-and-Technol, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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- Citations: 23
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Journal articleHarris K, Armstrong SP, Campos-Pires R, et al., 2013, , Anesthesiology, Vol: 119, Pages: 1137-1148, ISSN: 1528-1175
Background. The inert anesthetic gas xenon is neuroprotective in models of brain injury. Weinvestigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of the inert gases xenon, argon, krypton, neon andhelium in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury.Methods. We use an in vitro model using mouse organotypic hippocampal brain-slices, subjectedto a focal mechanical trauma, with injury quantified by propidium-iodide fluorescence. Patch-clampelectrophysiology is used to investigate the effect of the inert gases on N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)-receptors and TREK-1 channels, two molecular targets likely to play a role inneuroprotection.Results. Xenon(50%) and, to a lesser extent, argon(50%) are neuroprotective against traumaticinjury when applied following injury [xenon 43±1% protection 72hours after injury (N=104); argon30±6% protection (N=44); mean±SEM]. Helium, neon and krypton are devoid of neuroprotectiveeffect. Xenon(50%) prevents development of secondary injury up to 48 hours after trauma.Argon(50%) attenuates secondary injury, but is less effective than xenon [xenon 50±5% reductionin secondary injury 72hours after injury (N=104); argon 34±8% reduction (N=44); mean±SEM].Glycine reverses the neuroprotective effect of xenon, but not argon, consistent with competitiveinhibition at the NMDA receptor glycine-site mediating xenon neuroprotection against traumaticbrain injury. Xenon inhibits NMDA receptors and activates TREK-1 channels, while argon,krypton, neon and helium have no effect on these ion-channels.Conclusions. Xenon neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury can be reversed by elevatingthe glycine concentration, consistent with inhibition at the NMDA-receptor glycine site playing asignificant role in xenon neuroprotection. Argon and xenon do not act via the same mechanism.
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Journal articlePrinold JAI, Villette CC, Bull AMJ, 2013, , CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS, Vol: 28, Pages: 973-980, ISSN: 0268-0033
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- Citations: 9
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Journal articleMasouros SD, Brown KA, Clasper J, et al., 2013, , Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Engineering and Computational Mechanics, Vol: 166, Pages: 113-118, ISSN: 1755-0777
A signature of current conflicts is the use of buried improvised explosive devices to cause injury to military personnel and damage to their vehicles. Explosive devices also cause injuries to non-military populations in current and former conflict zones. The nature and placement of the explosive charge has a marked effect on the loading experienced. In all situations, damage to tissues occurs when the energy and loading rate exceeds that which the human body can support. Currently, it is difficult to predict the various time-dependent effects of blast injury because of the complexities of the rapid initial accelerations, the loading geometries and the heterogeneous nature of the tissues that can be damaged. An outline of the ways in which one may study how explosive energy interacts with biological systems is presented along with a discussion of how the data generated can be used to develop improved, costeffective strategies for studying blast injury processes.
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Journal articleMasouros SD, Newell N, Ramasamy A, et al., 2013, , ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 41, Pages: 1957-1967, ISSN: 0090-6964
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- Citations: 11
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Conference paperVillette CC, Thibon A, Modenese L, et al., 2013,
Combined musculoskeletal and finite element modelling of the femur
, International Society of BiomechanicsIn the 1870’s, Wolff formulated a ‘trajectory theory’ about trabecular bone architecture which can be succinctly written as follows: bone adapts its structure to loading conditions in a way that follows principal stress trajectories. In this study, it was assumed that the human femur is optimally adapted to the loading conditions experienced during daily activities such as walking or climbing stairs. Hence, an initially randomized structural mesoscale model of a femur was iteratively adapted to the loading conditions experienced during a range of daily activities. The resulting structure shows a good visual comparison with clinical observation and the model proved computationally efficient.
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Conference paperModenese L, Gopalakrishnan A, Lloyd DG, et al., 2013,
Falsification of a lower limb model predicting hip contact force vectors
, International Society of Biomechanics -
Conference paperGopalakrishnan A, Modenese L, Phillips ATM, 2013,
Generating computer simulations of movement using muscle synergy inputs
, International Society of Biomechanics -
Journal articleSingleton JAG, Gibb IE, Hunt NCA, et al., 2013, , BMJ Open, Vol: 3, ISSN: 2044-6055
Objectives To identify potentially fatal injury patterns in explosive blast fatalities in order to focus research and mitigation strategies, to further improve survival rates from blast trauma.Design Retrospective cohort study.Participants UK military personnel killed by improvised explosive device (IED) blasts in Afghanistan, November 2007–August 2010.Setting UK military deployment, through NATO, in support of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan.Data sources UK military postmortem CT records, UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry and associated incident data.Main outcome measures Potentially fatal injuries attributable to IEDs.Results We identified 121 cases, 42 mounted (in-vehicle) and 79 dismounted (on foot), at a point of wounding. There were 354 potentially fatal injuries in total. Leading causes of death were traumatic brain injury (50%, 62/124 fatal injuries), followed by intracavity haemorrhage (20.2%, 25/124) in the mounted group, and extremity haemorrhage (42.6%, 98/230 fatal injuries), junctional haemorrhage (22.2%, 51/230 fatal injuries) and traumatic brain injury (18.7%, 43/230 fatal injuries) in the dismounted group.Conclusions Head trauma severity in both mounted and dismounted IED fatalities indicated prevention and mitigation as the most effective strategies to decrease resultant mortality. Two-thirds of dismounted fatalities had haemorrhage implicated as a cause of death that may have been anatomically amenable to prehospital intervention. One-fifth of the mounted fatalities had haemorrhagic trauma which currently could only be addressed surgically. Maintaining the drive to improve all haemostatic techniques for blast casualties, from point of wounding to definitive surgical proximal vascular control, alongside the development and application of novel haemostatic interventions could yield a significant survival benefit. Prospective studies in this field are indicated.
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Journal articleSingleton JAG, Gibb IE, Bull AMJ, et al., 2013, , JOURNAL OF TRAUMA AND ACUTE CARE SURGERY, Vol: 75, Pages: S269-S274, ISSN: 2163-0755
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- Citations: 24
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Conference paperVillette CC, Phillips ATM, Modenese L, 2013,
Combined Musculoskeletal and Finite Element Modelling of the Femur
, XXIV Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics -
Journal articleProud WG, 2013, , PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS, Vol: 38, Pages: 167-167, ISSN: 0721-3115
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- Citations: 1
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Journal articleRamasamy A, Hill AM, Masouros S, et al., 2013, , J Bone Joint Surg Am, Vol: 95
BACKGROUND: Improvements in protection and medical treatments have resulted in increasing numbers of modern-warfare casualties surviving with complex lower-extremity injuries. To our knowledge, there has been no prior analysis of foot and ankle blast injuries as a result of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The aims of this study were to report the pattern of injury and determine which factors are associated with a poor clinical outcome. METHODS: U.K. service personnel who had sustained lower leg injuries following an under-vehicle explosion from January 2006 to December 2008 were identified with the use of a prospective trauma registry. Patient demographics, injury severity, the nature of the lower leg injury, and the type of clinical management were recorded. Clinical end points were determined by (1) the need for amputation and (2) ongoing clinical symptoms. RESULTS: Sixty-three U.K. service personnel (eighty-nine injured limbs) with lower leg injuries from an explosion were identified. Fifty-one percent of the casualties sustained multisegmental injuries to the foot and ankle. Twenty-six legs (29%) required amputation, with six of them amputated because of chronic pain eighteen months following injury. Regression analysis revealed that hindfoot injuries, open fractures, and vascular injuries were independent predictors of amputation. At the time of final follow-up, sixty-six (74%) of the injured limbs had persisting symptoms related to the injury, and only nine (14%) of the service members were fit to return to their preinjury duties. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that foot and ankle injuries from IEDs are associated with a high amputation rate and frequently with a poor clinical outcome. Although not life-threatening, they remain a source of long-term morbidity in an active population.
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Journal articleProud WG, 2013, , JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS, Vol: 159, Pages: 4-9, ISSN: 0035-8665
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- Citations: 16
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Journal articleNewell N, Masouros SD, Bull AMJ, 2013,
A comparison of MiL-Lx and hybrid-III responses in seated and standing postures with blast mats in simulated under-vehicle explosions
, 2013 Ircobi Conference Proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, Pages: 135-144Blast mats that can be retrofitted to the floor of military vehicles are considered to reduce the risk of injury from under-vehicle explosions. Anthropometric test devices (ATDs) are validated for use only in the seated position. The aim of this study was to use a traumatic injury simulator fitted with 3 different blast mats in order to assess the ability of 2 ATD designs to evaluate the protective capacity of the mats in 2 occupant postures under 2 severities. Tests were performed for each combination of mat design, ATD, severity and posture using an antivehicle under-belly injury simulator. The differences between mitigation systems were larger under the H-III compared to the MiL-Lx. There was little difference in how the 2 ATDs and how posture ranked the mitigation systems. Results from this study suggest that conclusions obtained by testing in the seated position can be extrapolated to the standing. However, the different percentage reductions observed in the 2 ATDs suggests different levels of protection. It is therefore unclear which ATD should be used to assess such mitigation systems. A correlation between cadavers and ATDs on the protection offered by blast mats is required in order to elucidate this issue.
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Journal articleRamasamy MA, Hill AM, Phillip R, et al., 2013, , JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA, Vol: 27, Pages: 49-55, ISSN: 0890-5339
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- Citations: 6
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